题目内容
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We would be only ()glad to make offers on RMB basis.
A、very
B、rather
C、too
D、much
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Music, __(1)__, is the art of organizing sounds. Music is a rhythmic poem that inspires, a __(2)__ tone that tranquilizes, and a melody of mystery and beauty. There are many kinds of music. Since we have different ideas of what is beautiful, we have our choices __(3)__ the magnificent compositions of music masters like Beethoven, Bach, Chopin, and Wagner, to the popular songs and tunes of the common music-hall. Only people of __(4)__ musical taste can appreciate the former, and only they find __(5)__ pleasure in the latter, while the common people are bored with what is called classical music, and find pleasure only __(6)__ what musicians would call vulgar tunes. However, good music often has a wonderful __(7)__ upon the feelings of even ignorant people. One poet has said, “Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast.” Soft and sweet music soothes __(8)__ wearied, ________ sad, ________ restless, and __(9)__ music will fill strong men with great ambitions; the regimental band puts courage into the hearts of troops; the solemn hymns fill the worshippers with reverence. Indeed, as the poet Dryden once asked, “What passion cannot music __(10)__and quell？”
Paras. 1-3
I remember the very day that I became black. Up to my thirteenth year I lived in the little Negro town of Eatonville, Florida. It is exclusively a black town. The only white people I knew passed through the town going to or coming from Orlando, Florida. The native whites rode dusty horses, and the northern tourists traveled down the sandy village road in automobiles. The town knew the Southerners and never stopped chewing sugar cane when they passed. But the Northerners were something else again. They were peered at cautiously from behind curtains by the timid. The bold would come outside to watch them go past and got just as much pleasure out of the tourists as the tourists got out of the village.
The front deck might seem a frightening place for the rest of the town, but it was a front row seat for me. My favorite place was on top of the gatepost. Not only did I enjoy the show, but I didn't mind the actors knowing that I liked it. I usually spoke to them in passing. I'd wave at them and when they returned my wave, I would say a few words of greeting. Usually the automobile or the horse paused at this, and after a strange exchange of greetings, I would probably "go a piece of the way" with them, as we say in farthest Florida, and follow them down the road a bit. If one of my family happened to come to the front of the house in time to see me, of course the conversation would be rudely broken off.
During this period, white people differed from black to me only in that they rode through town and never lived there. They liked to hear me "speak pieces" and sing and wanted to see me dance, and gave me generously of their small silver for doing these things, which seemed strange to me, for I wanted to do them so much that I needed bribing to stop. Only they didn't know it. The colored people gave no coins. They disapproved of any joyful tendencies in me, but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the country—everybody's Zora.
My impressions of the white as a child:
Mom is always there; she had soup ready in the breakfast room by the time that Ann and Jim and I get home. Ann and Jim have never gone in for the cafeteria, either. Our house in only about a ten-minute walk from the school building, so we can make it back in plenty of time.
There's something about eating in the cafeteria--and not leaving the high school from morning until afternoon -- that feels a little like being in prison. By the end of the morning, I've got to get out of the building. And Mom never seems to mind fixing lunch for us; she never suggests that we eat in the cafeteria.
It's really the only time we have to be alone with her. In the morning Dad's there, and by the time I get home after messing around(混时间) after school, he's usually at home from work. So the time that Mom and I talk together is usually at lunch.
I feel sorry for the students who eat in the cafeteria every day. It would drive me mad, I don't know if their moms just don't like to cook for them in the middle of the day, or if they actually like the cafeteria and the cafeteria food.
When the author was in junior high school, ______.
A．he never ate in the cafeteria
B．he ate in the cafeteria sometimes but not often
C．he always went back for lunch
D．he often ate in the cafeteria
It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. (79)The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory. Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involving any change in the way an animal typically behaves. (80)Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile.Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learns to swing a baseball bat. Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer with that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100,000 "words"—ready for instant use. An average U. S. teenager probably recognizes the meaning of about 100,000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a persons memory is in terms of words and combinations of words.
According to the passage, memory is considered to be______.
A．the basis for decision making and problem solving
B．an ability to store experiences for future use
C．an intelligence typically possessed by human beings
D．the data mainly consisting of words and combinations of words
Distributed Systems
分布系统
Computer systems are undergoing a revolution. From 1945, when the modern computer era began, until about 1985, computers were large and expensive. Even minicomputers normally cost tens of thousands of dollars each. As a result, most organizations had only a handful of computers, and for lack of a way to connect them, they operated independently from one another.
Starting in the mid 1980s, however, two advances in technology began to change that situation. The first was the development of powerful microprocessors. Initially, these were 8 bit machines, but soon 16, 32, and even 64 bit CPUs became common. Many of these had the computing power of a decent-sized mainframe (i. e. large) computer, but for a fraction of the price.
The amount of improvement that has occurred in computer technology in the past half century is truly staggering and totally unprecedented in other industries. From a machine that cost 10 million dollars and executed 1 instruction per second, we have come to machines that cost 1,000 dollars and execute 10 million instructions per second, a price/ performance gain of 1011. If cars had improved at this rate in the same time period, a Roll Royce would now cost 10 dollars and get a billion miles per gallon. (Unfortunately, it would probably also have a 200 page manual telling how to open the door.) The second development was the invention of high speed computer networks. The local area networks, or LANs, allow dozens, or even hundreds, of machines within a building to be connected in such a way that small amounts of information can be transferred between machines in a millisecond or so. Larger amounts of data can be moved between machines at rates of 10 to 100 million bits/sec and sometimes more. The wide area networks, or WANs, allow millions of machines all over the earth to be connected at speeds varying from 64Kbps (kilobits per second) to gigabits per second for some advanced experimental networks.
The result of these technologies is that it is now not only feasible, but easy, to put together computing systems composed of large numbers of CPUs connected by a high speed network. They are usually called distributed systems, in contrast to the previous centralized systems (or single processor systems) consisting of a single CPU, its memory, peripherals, and some terminals.
There is only one fly in the ointment[1]: software. Distributed systems need radically different software than centralized systems do. In particular, the necessary operating systems are only beginning to emerge. The first few steps have been taken, but there is still a long way to go. Nevertheless, enough is already known about these distributed operating systems that we can present the basic ideas.
What Is a Distributed System？
Various definitions of distributed systems have been given in literature, none of them satisfactory and none of them in agreement with any of the others. For our purposes it is sufficient to give a loose characterization.
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single computer.
This definition has two aspects. The first one deals with hardware: the machines are autonomous. The second one deals with software: the users think of the system as a single computer. Both are essential.
Rather than going further with definitions, it is probably more helpful to give several examples of distributed systems. As a first example, consider a network of workstations in a university or company department. In addition to each user's personal workstation, there might be a pool of processors in the machine room that are not assigned to specific users but are allocated dynamically as needed. Such a system might have a single file system, with all files accessible from all machines in the same way and using the same path name. Furthermore, when a user typed a command, the system could look for the best place to execute that command, possibly on the user's own workstation, possibly on an idle workstation belonging to someone else, and possibly on one of the unassigned processors in the machine room. If the system as a whole looked and acted like a classical single processor timesharing system, it would qualify as a distributed system.
As a second example, consider a factory full of robots, each containing a powerful computer for handling vision, planning, communication, and other tasks. When a robot on the assembly line notices that a part it is supposed to install is defective, it asks another robot in the parts department to bring it a replacement. If all the robots act like peripheral devices attached to the same central computer and the system can be programmed that way, it too counts as a distributed system.
As a final example, think about a large bank with hundreds of branch offices all over the world. Each office has a master computer to store local accounts and handle local transactions. In addition, each computer has the ability to talk to all other branch computers and with a central computer at headquarters. If transactions can be done without regard to where a customer or account is, and the users do not notice any difference between this system and the old centralized mainframe that it replaced, it too would be considered a distributed system.
Advantages of Distributed Systems over Centralized Systems
The real driving force behind the trend toward decentralization is economics. A quarter of a century ago, computer pundit and gadfly Herb Grosch stated what later came to be known as Grosch's law: the computing power of a CPU is proportional to the square of its price. By paying twice as much, you could get four times the performance. This observation fit the mainframe technology of its time quite well, and led most organizations to buy the largest single machine they could afford.
With microprocessor technology, Grosch's law no longer holds. For a few hundred dollars you can get a CPU chip that can execute more instructions per second than one of the largest 1980s mainframes. If you are willing to pay twice as much, you get the same CPU, but running at a somewhat higher clock speed. As a result, the most cost effective solution is frequently to harness a large number of cheap CPUs together in a system. Thus, the leading reason for the trend toward distributed systems is that these systems potentially have a much better price/performance ratio than a single large centralized system would have. In effect, a distributed system gives more bang for the buck[2].
A slight variation on this theme is the observation that a collection of microprocessors cannot only give a better price/performance ratio than a single mainframe, but may yield an absolute performance that no mainframe can achieve at any price. For example, with current technology it is possible to build a system from 10,000 modern CPU chips, each of which runs at 50 MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second), for a total performance of 500,000MIPS. For a single processor (i. e. CPU) to achieve this, it would have to execute an instruction in 0. 002 nsec (2 picosec). No existing machine even comes close to this, and both theoretical and engineering considerations make it unlikely that any machine ever will. Theoretically, Einstein's theory of relativity dictates that nothing can travel faster than light, which can cover only 0.6 mm in 2 picosec. Practically, a computer of that speed fully contained a 0.6 mm cube would generate so much heat that it would melt instantly. Thus, whether the goal is normal performance at low cost or extremely high performance at greater cost, distributed systems have much to offer.
As an aside, some authors make a distinction between distributed systems, which are designed to allow many users to work together, and parallel systems, whose only goal is to achieve maximum speedup on a single problem, as our 500,000 MIPS machine might. We believe that this distinction is difficult to maintain because the design spectrum is really a continuum. We prefer to use the term "distributed system" in the broadest sense to denote any system in which multiple interconnected CPUs work together.
A next reason for building a distributed system is that some applications are inherently distributed. A supermarket chain might have many stores, each of which gets goods delivered locally (possibly from local farms), makes local sales, and makes local decisions about which vegetables are so old or rotten that they must be thrown out. It therefore makes sense to keep track of inventory at each store on a local computer rather than centrally at corporate headquarters. After all, most queries and updates will be done locally. Nevertheless, from time to time, top management may want to find out how many rutabagas it currently owns. One way to accomplish this goal is to make the complete system look like a single computer to the application programs, but implement decentrally, with one computer per store as we have described. This would then be a commercial distributed system.
Notes
[1] There is only one fly in the ointment. 美中不足。
[2] gives more bang for the buck: buck，俚语，表示—美元。这句的意思是“小钱办大事”。
A、what we would go
B、how we would go
C、that we would go
D、where we would go
According to the author, a sensible way of dealing with lostnanopayments would include
A．writing off the debts only
B．blacklisting the offenders only
C．entering a lawsuit
D．both A and B
A.正确
B.错误
A、even if
B、on if
C、if only
D、if
A.producing
B.produced
C.to production
D.production
