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1. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004”Press Release(15分)
4 October 2004
The Nobel Assemblyat Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004 jointly toRichard Axel and Linda B. Buckfor their discoveries of "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Summary
The sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our senses. The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. This year's Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have solved this problem and in a series of pioneering studies clarified how our olfactory system works. They discovered a large gene family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of our genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types. These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.
Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Our olfactory receptor cells are therefore highly specialized for a few odours. The cells send thin nerve processes directly to distinct micro domains, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb, the primary olfactory area of the brain. Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same glomerulus. From these micro domains in the olfactory bulb the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain, where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern. Therefore, we can consciously experience the smell of a lilac flower in the spring and recall this olfactory memory at other times.
Richard Axel, New York, USA, and Linda Buck, Seattle, USA, published the fundamental paper jointly in 1991, in which they described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors. Axel and Buck have since worked independent of each other, and they have in several elegant, often parallel, studies clarified the olfactory system, from the molecular level to the organization of the cells.
B.Don’t mention it.
C.It’s fine.
D.Great, I am very art-conscious.
A.错误
B.正确
You will likely be able to get help from others, if you ______.
A．ask if there're anyone free to help you
B．make a general request during a meeting
C．ask the specific person for help directly
D．seek for volunteers in your colleagues
What is the advice given in the text？
A．Never drive faster than 30 miles an hour.
B．Try your best to save yourself in a car accident.
C．Never forget to wear the safety belt while driving.
D．Drive slowly while you're not wearing a safety belt.
A．That"s all right
B．You"re welcome
C．That"s very kind of you
D．I"d love to
【D4】
SPEAKER A: HERE ARE OUR TICKETS AND PASSPORTS. WE" RE FLYING TO AMSTERDAM TODAY. SPEAKER B: WELCOME TO YOUT
H. LET" S SE
E...YES, YOUR PASSPORTS ARE STILL VALID AND YOUR TICKETS ARE IN ORDER.【D1】______ SPEAKER A: JUST THESE TWO. SPEAKER B: PLEASE PUT THEM ON THE SCALES. ANY CARRY-ON BAGGAGE？ SPEAKER A: YES, TWO PIECES. OH, AND THIS CAMERA. SPEAKER B: IT"S BETTER TO PUT THESE IDENTIFICATION TAGS ON THE
M.【D2】______ SPEAKER A: NON-SMOKING, PLEAS
E. AND COULD WE HAVE ONE WINDOW SEAT, PLEASE？ SPEAKER B: LET ME SE
E. OH,【D3】______ALL RIGHT. YOU" RE ALL SET. I" VE STAPLED YOUR TWO BAGGAGE CLAIM STUBS TO YOUR RETURN TICKETS. SPEAKER A: THESE TWO？ SPEAKER B: YES. AND HERE ARE YOUR BOARDING PASSES. YOU HAVE SEATS 20A AND 20
B. YOUR FLIGHT IS ON TIME, AND IT"S LEAVING FROM GATE 12. DON"T FORGET TO PAY THE AIRPORT TAX BEFORE YOU BOAR
D.【D4】______ SPEAKER A: THANKS A LOT. A. DO YOU WANT SMOKING OR NON-SMOKING SEATS？
B. HAVE A PLEASANT FLIGHT.
C. HOW MANY PIECES DO YOU WANT TO CHECK IN？
D. HERE ARE TWO LEFT.
【D3】
SPEAKER A: HERE ARE OUR TICKETS AND PASSPORTS. WE" RE FLYING TO AMSTERDAM TODAY. SPEAKER B: WELCOME TO YOUT
H. LET" S SE
E...YES, YOUR PASSPORTS ARE STILL VALID AND YOUR TICKETS ARE IN ORDER.【D1】______ SPEAKER A: JUST THESE TWO. SPEAKER B: PLEASE PUT THEM ON THE SCALES. ANY CARRY-ON BAGGAGE？ SPEAKER A: YES, TWO PIECES. OH, AND THIS CAMERA. SPEAKER B: IT"S BETTER TO PUT THESE IDENTIFICATION TAGS ON THE
M.【D2】______ SPEAKER A: NON-SMOKING, PLEAS
E. AND COULD WE HAVE ONE WINDOW SEAT, PLEASE？ SPEAKER B: LET ME SE
E. OH,【D3】______ALL RIGHT. YOU" RE ALL SET. I" VE STAPLED YOUR TWO BAGGAGE CLAIM STUBS TO YOUR RETURN TICKETS. SPEAKER A: THESE TWO？ SPEAKER B: YES. AND HERE ARE YOUR BOARDING PASSES. YOU HAVE SEATS 20A AND 20
B. YOUR FLIGHT IS ON TIME, AND IT"S LEAVING FROM GATE 12. DON"T FORGET TO PAY THE AIRPORT TAX BEFORE YOU BOAR
D.【D4】______ SPEAKER A: THANKS A LOT. A. DO YOU WANT SMOKING OR NON-SMOKING SEATS？
B. HAVE A PLEASANT FLIGHT.
C. HOW MANY PIECES DO YOU WANT TO CHECK IN？
D. HERE ARE TWO LEFT.
【D3】
JULIE: HI, MARY, I KNOW YOU" RE AN EXPERT IN SKINCAR
E. MARY: WELL, I WOULDN" T SAY THAT, BUT I DO KNOW SOMETHIN
G. 【D1】______ JULIE: I THINK I HAVE AN OILY SKIN AND THERE" RE ALWAYS SMALL BUMPS HERE AND THERE ON MY FAC
E. 【D2】______THEY" RE REALLY IRRITATING! MARY: WELL, I WOULD SUGGEST THAT YOU WASH YOUR FACE OFTE
N. EVERY NIGHT YOU SHOULD RINSE YOUR FACE WITH WARM WATER, THEN PAT IT DRY WITH A CLEAN TOWEL.【D3】______THEN YOU APPLY THIS CREAM TO YOUR FAC
E. JULIE: OH, THIS CREAM？ MARY: YEA
H. IT" S PRETTY EFFECTIVE IN WIPING OUT DIRT AND OIL. IT RIDS YOUR FACE OF DEAD CELLS AND HELPS STIMULATE CIRCULATIO
N. JULIE: WOW! MARY: OH, JUST USE A SMALL AMOUNT ON THE OILY AREAS.【D4】______JUST DAB IT LIGHTLY. JULIE: I"LL KEEP THAT IN MIND! MARY: OF COURS
E. ALSO, I WOULD SUGGEST YOU GET A FACIAL EVERY FOUR TO SIX WEEKS FOR A DEEP CLEANIN
G. A. MAKE SURE YOU DON"T RUB IT DRY.
B. ALSO, DON"T RUB IT HAR
D.
C. HOW CAN I GET RID OF THEM？
D. SO HOW CAN I HELP YOU？
【D4】
JULIE: HI, MARY, I KNOW YOU" RE AN EXPERT IN SKINCAR
E. MARY: WELL, I WOULDN" T SAY THAT, BUT I DO KNOW SOMETHIN
G. 【D1】______ JULIE: I THINK I HAVE AN OILY SKIN AND THERE" RE ALWAYS SMALL BUMPS HERE AND THERE ON MY FAC
E. 【D2】______THEY" RE REALLY IRRITATING! MARY: WELL, I WOULD SUGGEST THAT YOU WASH YOUR FACE OFTE
N. EVERY NIGHT YOU SHOULD RINSE YOUR FACE WITH WARM WATER, THEN PAT IT DRY WITH A CLEAN TOWEL.【D3】______THEN YOU APPLY THIS CREAM TO YOUR FAC
E. JULIE: OH, THIS CREAM？ MARY: YEA
H. IT" S PRETTY EFFECTIVE IN WIPING OUT DIRT AND OIL. IT RIDS YOUR FACE OF DEAD CELLS AND HELPS STIMULATE CIRCULATIO
N. JULIE: WOW! MARY: OH, JUST USE A SMALL AMOUNT ON THE OILY AREAS.【D4】______JUST DAB IT LIGHTLY. JULIE: I"LL KEEP THAT IN MIND! MARY: OF COURS
E. ALSO, I WOULD SUGGEST YOU GET A FACIAL EVERY FOUR TO SIX WEEKS FOR A DEEP CLEANIN
G. A. MAKE SURE YOU DON"T RUB IT DRY.
B. ALSO, DON"T RUB IT HAR
D.
C. HOW CAN I GET RID OF THEM？
D. SO HOW CAN I HELP YOU？
