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We can address a lady “Ms” if we are not sure if she’s married or not.()
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A．to install antivirus programs on every node in the network
B．to turn to Internet security companies for help
C．to hide his IP address by using some sort of software
D．to come offline from time to time
从供选择的答案中，选出最确切的解答。
Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer, networks can be connected by(1)or hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we fine bridges and switches, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(2)，examine the MAC address and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two networks. If two networks have(3)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packer formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(4). As an example, gateways between Intemet E-mail and X.400 E-mail must(5)the E-mail message and change various header fields.
English has never been the only language in use over the British Isles , and it certainly is not now! Welsh is still used in Wales. Some Welsh people still speak it as their mother tongue , and it is widely taught in Welsh schools. Some people in Scotland and in Ireland still use a language that is related to Welsh. It is called Gaelic. These languages have a long history in these islands - longer than the history of English. In addition , people from
overseas have settled in England quite recently during this century. In some industrial cities , though not generally in Britain , you find groups of people who speak Polish , and other groups speaking the languages of the Indian subcontinent. A survey of North London schools in the early 1980' s found that nearly a third of the children spoke a language other than English at home.
The majority of the 55 million people living in England use English all the time. Standard English , that is , written English , is in use throughout Britain. Spoken English , however , sounds very different in different parts of the country. There is a story , a play. by the famous writer George Bernard Shaw , about a professor of English Language who can tell you someone' s address when he hears that person speak! That is exaggeration of course. Not even a Professor , who has studied the sounds of English all his life , can really do that. However ,it is true hat most people who have lived for a long time in Britain can tell a number of things about the people as soon as they speak! Usually we cannot tell the speaker' s address
, but we can guess the part of the country where the person comes from. We can tell how well educated he or she is too! If an international user of English , like anyone of you here , happens to meet speakers from , say , the North or the West of England , you may find them hard to understand. Unless you understand what is going on your confidence in your ability to use the language may be badly shaken.
36. Gaelic is related to Welsh. ()
37. Welsh is not taught in schools anymore. ()
38. One third of the 55 million people in England speak other languages besides English at home ()
39. Written English is in use throughout Britain but spoken English sounds different in different parts of the country. ()
40. Most people who have lived for a long time in Britain can tell how well educated a person is by the way he/ she speaks. ()
Cyber Security
网络安全
Hide your Identity
Before you venture online, keep the following facts in mind:
· Someone on the Net can make money by selling your personal data.
· Every time you go online, you give someone new information—however small a piece it may be—about your preferences.
· Some data collectors are not content to wait for you to come to them and may try to trick or steal more information from you.
We can call these the Basic Rules of Personal Information, and they hold true for everyone who uses the Internet, from your Uncle Sid to Larry Ellison.[1]Your good name and every iota of data about you are for sale. Since you're not getting a cut of the profits (at least, most people aren't),[2]it's best to keep your private information to yourself. After all, once it's out of your hands, you have no control over who gets it and how they use it.
Protect your IP Address
Like the number and street name of your real-world address, a computer's IP address[3]tells others where and how to find the computer online. This identifier is composed of four numbers, each between 0 and 255, separated by periods (for example, 123. 123. 23. 2). Every Web site and electronic device connected to the Internet must possess a unique IP address; that is, no two devices can have the same IP address at the same time.
If spammers or hackers manage to get your IP address, they can assault your PC with viruses or even hack directly into it to steal your personal data. You can put up dedicated hardware or software firewalls and install antivirus programs on every node in your network, but, given enough time and resources, a determined hacker can break into almost any computer.
You should guard your IP address as carefully as you would guard your full name and street address. Neither your browser nor Windows itself allows you to hide your IP address from the outside world, but some third-party software takes care of this problem. Freedom,[4]from Zero-Knowledge Systems, masks your true IP address from the real world by routing all your Internet data through the Zero-Knowledge network. This program can stump even Web bugs.
If you use a dial-up connection, you're less at risk because your IP address changes with every session. But if you have an always-on connection, such as DSL or cable, you probably have a static or unchanging IP address. A static IP can leave you vulnerable to repeated scans and attacks. On the other hand, if you get a different IP address each time you connect to the Internet—a dynamic IP address—you can present a moving target for the hackers. If you' re privacy conscious, ask your ISP[5]for a dynamic IP address. Intruders will have a much harder time finding your computer time and time again if your address isn't constant.
Cookies Keep Track
But Web sites also use other technologies to track you down and trace your movement online. Cookies are small data files that the Web sites you visit can store in your browser's cookie file to track your path across the Web or record your user preferences. Most cookies have useful purposes. For example, if you register to view a specific Web site (such as the New York Times on the Web), the site can plant a cookie on your computer so that, thereafter, you won't need to enter your username and password to access the site. There are two kinds of cookies, persistent cookies, which remain on your computer even if you shut it down, and per-session cookies, which are often used to store the contents of a shopping cart and won't be saved once you power off your PC.
The threat cookies present isn't from the depth of the information they can reveal; cookies don't permit hackers' unfettered access to your private files, for instance. The threat is a small but long-term erosion of your privacy. Most sites record cookies every time you click a new link within the site and can later find out which pages you read and how long you lingered. Such information may be very useful to marketers who mine it for details on your habits and likes or dislikes. Over time, these minute data fragments can help companies build a profile of you, which they could sell to yet more aggressive marketers.
Bugs Do it Better
If you delete the cookies regularly or configure your browser not to accept them, snoopy sites can't collect enough data to profile you. That's why some companies use Web bugs as a user-tracking backup if cookies don't work. Here's how Web bugs work: these tiny graphics, sometimes just a pixel high and a pixel wide, are the same color as a Web page's background. Any time you visit a site, the site must have your IP address before it can load any Web graphic file (including a Web bug), and, with your IP address in hand, the machine that hosts the Web bug can log your address for the duration of your session.[6]Even with cookies blocked, bugs let sites track users surreptitiously. In many cases, the tracking may be benign—a site monitoring how popular a particular page is—but it isn't always just the site that uses a Web bug. Commercial sites with banner ads have discovered that ad banner companies themselves, such as DoubleCliek,[7]may use Web bugs to track the traffic on the sites that host their ads. So Web bugs can open you up to unwanted profiling, and (if the Web bug loads after a user fills in a Web order form, for example) possible junk mailing.
Stop Hostile Apps
Cookies aren't inherently malicious, but the ubiquitous little files inhabit your hard drive (if you use Internet Explorer, for instance, the cookies reside inside your C:\ Windows\Cookies folder) and identify you via a string of numbers and letters (called a unique identifier) to the Web site or company that placed the cookie there. For instance, companies such as DoubleClick, Adbureau. net,[8]or Link Exchange[9]that provide advertising to Web sites can plant a cookie on your hard drive when you are reading one site (for example, Amazon. com[10]) and then read that same cookie when you surf to a different DoubleClick-served site (for instance, CNN. com[11]). That's how the company tracks you across multiple sites.
Take a Bite out of Cookies
Fortunately, your browser makes it easy to disable cookies: in Internet Explorer 5. x,[12]click Tools ＞ Internet Options, then choose the Security tab. Click the Earth icon labeled Internet, then click the Custom Level button near the bottom of the window. In the Security Settings window that opens, scroll down to the section labeled Cookies. To keep your browser from automatically planting cookies on your PC, select the Disable or Prompt option next to "Allow cookies that are stored on your computer" (in other words, the persistent cookies we mentioned earlier). It's generally OK to leave the per-session cookies enabled; these are the cookies that remember what's in your shopping cart when you use a Web store.
In Netscape, click Edit ＞ Preferences and select the Advanced item in the left pane. Here, you can opt to block all cookies or to decide on a site-by-site basis. We recommend that you pick the second option and allow your browser to use cookies for some sites. That way, you can exercise a measure of control over your information and still take advantage of the cookie conveniences. If you're truly paranoid, however, you may want to disable all cookies even if it prevents you from, say, shopping efficiently online.
If you're curious about how many sites set cookies, check the "Warn me before accepting a cookie" box, and Navigator will pop up a dialog box each time a site tries to set a cookie. (Internet Explorer still lacks such an option. ) We recommend that you try this for only a short time; the sheer volume of cookie request dialogs will likely drive you crazy.
Be Selective
Simply disabling cookies may not work for you, however. Internet Explorer doesn't let you block cookies sent to advertising companies while permitting cookies from the site you're visiting; it's all or nothing. Blocking all cookies eliminates the timesaving benefit of user preferences on free customizable news sites such as My Yahoo. If you use IE and want to pick and choose which sites are allowed to plant cookies on your hard drive, try the handy freeware CookieWall[13]from AnalogX. CookieWall runs in your System Tray, silently monitoring your Internet Explorer cookie file every minute or so and allowing you to pick and choose which cookies to permit. When the program encounters a cookie that it hasn't seen before, a dialog box pops up to ask you what to do with cookies from this site—handy if, say, you register to use My Yahoo and don't want to have to enter your username every time you load the page.
Connection Protection
If you use a high-speed connection such as DSL or cable, consider downloading ZoneAlarm,[14]CNET's[15]favorite free personal firewall. Firewalls not only keep hostile apps from entering your PC from the outside, they also block hidden or unknown software on your PC (the sort a virus could install) from connecting to the Internet without your knowledge and giving away your valuable information.
To find out how secure your connection is, go to Steve Gibson's Shields Up[16]site and get a free test of your security. Shields Up performs many of the same tests hackers use to probe your computer for vulnerabilities and provides you with a summary assessment of your PC's security and what you need to do (if anything) to make yourself less vulnerable. Gibson's scan can tell you if the back door program is running but not if it has been (or is being) used. But a little information goes a long way. If you know the Trojan is there, you can work to get rid of it.
Notes
[1]from your Uncle Sid to Larry Ellison其中Uncle Sid和Larry Ellison均为虚构人物，泛指任何人，类似中文“从张三到赵六”。
[2]Since you're not getting a cut of the profits...既然你分不到一点利润……。
[3] IP address(lnternet Protocol网际协议)网址。
[4] Freedom是Zero-Knowledge软件公司推出的防火墙，该公司主要为那些希望保护消费者隐私的网站设计反黑客软件，系列产品有Freedom Internet Security, Freedom Anti-Virus, Freedom Firewall, Freedom Parental Control, Freedom WebSecure。网址：www. zeroknowledge. com.
[5] ISP(lnternet Service Provider)国际互联网服务提供商，也叫IAPs (Internet Access Providers)。
[6] ...for the duration of your session. 在你上网期间。
[7] DoubleClick是一家美国网络条幅广告公司(Banner advertising company)，主营在线广告、电子邮件式市场营销。网址：www. doubleclick. com。
[8] Adbureau. net一家网络条幅广告公司。
[9] LinkExchnage微软公司下属的一家条幅广告公司，主要从事销售与市场营销。网址：www. linkexchange. com.
[10] Amazon. com 一家网络图书营销公司。
[11] CNN. com美国著名的有线电视网.CNN(美国有线电视网)的网站。
[12] Internet Explorer(简称IE)与Netscape及Navigator是目前使用最广泛的三大浏览器。
[13] CookieWall是AnalogX公司推出的个人防火墙。网址：www. analogx. com。
[14] ZoneAlarm是美国Zone Labs公司推出的免费个人防火墙，该软件以其独特的动态性能曾获得美国最佳防火墙奖。网址：www. zonelabs. com。
[15] CNET是一家专门介绍并从事在线营销业务的网站，它所经营的产品包括软件、硬件以及相关的电子产品。网址：www. CNET. com。
[16] Shields Up是Gibson Research Corporation(GRC)公司推出的个人电脑反黑客软件。网址：www. grc. coma
A.by
B.through
C.to
D.with
We have obtained your name and address () the Commercial Counsellor’s Office ofthe Embassy of the People’s Republic of China
A、through
B、by
C、for
D、throughout
A.through
B.by
C.for
D.throughout
