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During initial days of computing, software was largely developed by small groups of people. When this software was to be maintained by another set of people, it used to be a nightmarish experience. Wh

During initial days of computing, software was largely developed by small groups of people. When this software was to be maintained by another set of people, it used to be a nightmarish experience. When large commercial projects were to be handled, it used to be analmost impossible task to keep the time and budget under control, and projects used to get delayed and many projects were abandoned halfway. There was no systematic procedure forthe software development; everything was done on ad hoc basis. This ad hoc approach led tothe 'software crisis'.

Over the last few decades there has been a tremendous growth in information technologyand its impact on everyday life. Complex software systems have become critical to theoperation of many systems in areas such as banking, communications, manufacturing,power generation, and transportation. Progress in computer science and accumulated experience with industrial production of software have led to the emergence of software engineering as a separate discipline. The software engineering discipline has been defined as"the application of systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approaches to the development,operation, and maintenance of software. " that is, the application of engineering to software .

The computer science discipline concerns with developing large applications. Software engineering covers not only the technical aspects of building software systems, but also management issues, such as directing programming teams, scheduling, and budgeting.

For developing a software product, the development process is divided into differentstages. A convenient way of splitting the whole process is to divide the development into thefollowing five stages:

Requirements Analysis & Specification: define the system requirements in detail

Design: specify system architecture and modules in detail

Coding: produce source code

Testing: deal with unit testing and system testing

Maintenance: fix bugs, enhance features and adapt across platforms.

{二)Tell whether the following statements are true (T ) or false (F) according to the passage A.

(根据上立的内容判断下列句子的正误。 )

36. During initial days of the development of software, everything was done in discipline. ()

37. The definition of software engineering is "the application of systematic, disciplined,quantifiable approaches to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. " ()

38. For developing a software product, you need design, coding and testing. ()

39. software engineering is the application of engineering to software. ()

40. Software engineering only covers the technical aspects of building software systems. ()　.

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更多“During initial days of computi…”相关的问题
第1题
During the summer I spent （) long days with my friend.

A.blissfully

B.dragging

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D.glimpse

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第2题
During the industrialized twentieth century, the role of women ______.A．was strengthenedB．

During the industrialized twentieth century, the role of women ______.

A．was strengthened

B．was as important as early

C．was declined

D．was more reinforced than early days

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第3题
During the dark early days of the War, economist William Beveridge put forward proposals for postwar “（)” social security.

A.life-long

B.cradle-to-grave

C.family

D.complete

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第4题
In the author's opinion, young people can learn a lot during the days they spend "hostelli
ng" because ______.

A．they meet a lot of people from different places

B．they have such useful classes in the hostel as they don't have in schools

C．they have more interesting activities than at school

D．they are very much interested in life in the hostel

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第5题
A B/L which is preprinted "shipped on board" and cargo is shipped in container shows as fo
llows:

Pre-carriage by Place of Receipt

Vessel A Karachi

Ocean Vessel Port of loading

Vessel B Karachi

The port of loading and port of discharge as stipulated in the credit appears in the respective boxes on the B/L.

a) The credit stipulates transhipment prohibited.

(1)( ) The B/L is acceptable.

(2)( ) The B/L may be rejected due to transhipment occurred.

b) During the course of ocean carriage, transhipment means

(3)( ) unloading and reloading from the pre-carriage (or feeder) vessel (Vessel A) to the ocean vessel (Vessel B) from the initial origin port to the port of loading.

(4)( ) unloading and reloading from one ocean vessel to another ocean vessel from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated in the credit.

c) Loaded on board or shipped on a named vessel refers to:

(5)( ) a pre-carriage (or feeder) vessel.

(6)( ) an ocean vessel.

d) Whether an on board notation should be borne in the B/L？

(7)( ) The B/L need not bear an on board notation as it has been preprinted the said wording.

(8)( ) As two different vessels appear in the B/L, it would need an on board notation which clearly shows the goods were loaded on board the name of ocean vessel (Vessel B) and port of loading (Karachi), then transhipment would not be occurred.

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第6题
Personal interviewing is most efective when all the people to be interviewed are located i
n a relatively small geographical area, Otherwise. the time and expense spent in travelling from one person to anotber makes this type of interviewing economically impractical.Personal intervicwing is usunlly used when the information needed is too complex to be gathered by anotber technique. For example. a problem being studied may require the interviewer to probe beyond the more superficial (表面的) answers that might be obtained with another method, It is sometimes assumed that personal interviewing is the most accurate of all survey research techniques.Although personal interviewing may be accurate in many eases. human errors may prevent a researcher from obtaining valid results. Questions perceived by the interviewce(应试者)as an invasion of privacy ot threatening in any way will probably produce false or partially true answers. Also, since the interviewer must interpret the respondent&39;s statements. a certain amount of information loss results even though the respondent may be answering truthfully. In spite of the problems. At least two major advantages are provided by research technique. First, the alert interviewer can generally tell if the respondent is being truthful or if he or she is giving superficial or untrue responses. Second, the interviewer can rephrase questions, give more explanation, or probe more deeply if the initial questions do not produce the information desired. As a result, the information gleaned should be more accurate than that provided by interviews where no one is present to clarify questions or to interpret answers.

It can be concluded from the passage that when all the people to be interviewed are located in a relatively big geographical area____.

A.personal interviewing is most effective

B.personal interviewing is economically impractical

C.personal interviewing is the only technique to get information

D.telephone interviewing may not be used

Sometimes a researcher cannot get valid results because____.A.the information needed is too complex to be gathered

B.personal interviewing is the most accurate of all survey research techniques

C.personal interviewing is not as ffective as other research techniques

D.both interviewer and interviewee may make mistakes during the interviewing

In the second paragraph, the phrase“an invasion of privacy" most probably meansA.an unpleasant conversation

B.a challenge to interviewee’s professional skills

C.an interference with interviewee’s personal affairs

D.an interference with interviewee’s hobby

According to the last paragraph, one of the advantages of the personal interviewingA.the interviewer can ask the interviewee questions again in different ways

B.the interviewer can ask the interviewee some personal questions

C.the initial question do not produce the information desired

D.no one is present to clarify questions

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第7题
One of the well-known of American writers is Samuel Clemens, whose pen name is Mark Twain.
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As a young man, Twain held many jobs. He was a printer, a good miner, and, for a time, he was a riverboat pilot. During his pilot days, he adopted the name Mark Twain. This was a term used by the boatmen to mean that the water measured two fathoms, or twelve feet, which was deep enough for safe passage.

Finally Twain became a successful writer. He traveled a great deal, writing and speaking, and became very popular both in the United States and in Europe.

Twain's style. of writing was simple and direct. Among the things he wrote about were superstitious(迷信的)people and people who were easily fooled. He used his unusual gift for humor to write about many things of importance.

Generally speaking, this article is about ______.

A．a riverboat pilot

B．a printer

C．a gold miner

D．a famous writer

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第8题
In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morni
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In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the attention to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise(产生) between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour. It would be too impolite. A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than 5 minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence.

(1) “The same meaning is attached to telephone calls after 11:00 p.m.” Here “attached” means_______.

A.taken B.drawn C.given D.shown

(2) According to this passage, time plays an important role in _____.

A.everyday life B.social life

C.public life D.private life

(3) According to the passage, the author may agree to which of the following statements？

A.It is appropriate to send your invitation cards three or four days before a dinner party date in U.S.A.

B.It may be appropriate to send your invitation cards to your guests three or four days before a dinner party date in some countries.

C.It is best for one to make telephone calls at eight because it costs much less.

D.If one is less than 5 minutes late, he has to make a short apology.

(4) The best title for this passage is_______.

A.The Voice of Time

B.The Importance of Time

C.The Importance of an Announcement

D.Time and Tide Wait for No Man

(5) What is the purpose of the author to write this passage？

A.To tell us not to call someone very early.

B.To tell us the meaning of time differs in different parts of the world.

C.To tell us that we should treat time differently in cross-cultural communication.

D.To teach us how to apology when we are late.

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第9题
It can be even better than my initial plan.()
It can be even better than my initial plan.（)

A.正确

B.错误

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第10题
Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.（)

Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.()

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第11题
Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the initial letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.()
Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the initial letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.（)

A、正确

B、错误

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