Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women&39;s emancipation in Western
societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference".or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women&39;s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society,to the disadvantage of women. By contrast,the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women&39;s quest persona autonomy,while downplaying the importance of gender role and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement,often within the writing of the same individual, Between 1890 and 1920, however,relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists,lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo- Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries.At the same time,the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Reiational feminists,while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women,continued to emphasize women&39;s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers;they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers ,statesponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall because they underline women&39;s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles,denying the significance of physiological difference vand condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework,with its claim for women&39;s autonomy,could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists,a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
The author mentions the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to____.
A.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general in tellectual trends in English history
B.argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo,Saxon intellectual tradition,even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women semancipation
C.explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries
D.help aecount for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries
The author believes that_____.A.the predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated
B.the individualist and relational feminist views are irreconciliable given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society
C.a consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for coopera-tion among women
D.political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments based on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following statements？A.A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
B.A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
C.A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
D.Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
According to the passage,relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that____.A.individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims
B.the gender-based division of labor in society should eliminated
C.laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed
D.the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes
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